The study empirically examines the modern agricultural activities on the total emission of carbon dioxide. The regression model has been developed to study the impact, which includes direct and indirect sources of emission. It implies that the analysis considered the farm-based activities from the beginning process to the supply chain process of cultivation. The regression model indicates that the application of manure to soils and synthetic fertilisers directly affects the emission of methane and nitrous oxide. It is concluded that the increase in the use of fertilisers and manure in soils leads to a rise in greenhouse gases. The evidence underscores the urgent need for more sustainable agricultural practices that minimise carbon emissions while maintaining productivity.

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Annexure

Table A1. Diagnostic Test of Model I.

Table A2. Diagnostic test of Model II.